網路欺凌是美國日益嚴重的問題。每年都有更多的兒童和青少年成為網際網路騷擾和虐待的受害者。即使孩子從未成為網路欺凌的目標,他們也可能曾目睹某人在網路上被欺凌。
據了解,每 10 名兒童中就有 7 名在 18 歲前曾遭受網路欺凌。網路欺凌最常發生在流行的社交媒體平台上,例如 Facebook 和 Twitter。
這意味著越來越多的兒童成為受害者,因為儘管被欺凌的風險很高,但社交媒體使用者的數量卻急劇增加。
目錄
網路欺凌的性質
網路欺凌類似於傳統的欺凌,涉及對現實生活中的另一人進行語言和身體騷擾或羞辱。網路欺凌只能以書面形式或透過視訊進行,因為犯罪者可能與受害者相隔數里之遠。
Ditch the Label defines cyberbullying as the following:
網路欺凌是指使用數位技術意圖冒犯、羞辱、威脅、騷擾或虐待他人。
雖然有些向他人傳送攻擊性評論和訊息的人不認為自己是網路霸凌者,但實際上他們就是網路霸凌者。任何人只要做出以下行為,就會成為網路欺凌者:
- 在網路上騷擾他人;
- 嘲諷、羞辱或使他人尷尬;
- 冒充他人;
- 威脅要傷害或殺害他人的身體;
- 在線上跟蹤別人;
- 散佈基於種族、性取向或性別的仇恨;
- 鼓勵他人進行仇恨犯罪。
不幸的是,網路欺凌不只是天真的兒童遊戲。它通常會帶來相當嚴重的後果,從受害者脆弱的情緒狀況開始,到他們因自殺而死亡為止。
在美國大多數州,此類行為都被視為犯罪,相關的網路欺凌法律表示了懲罰。
What Is Federal Cyberbullying Laws?
網路欺凌本身並非犯罪,聯邦也沒有針對網路欺凌的法律。但是,如果涉及禁止的行為,例如威脅使用暴力、分享露骨內容、散佈兒童色情、纏擾或文化/宗教/性仇恨,則可視為騷擾,並根據聯邦民權法進行判決。
根據美國的網路欺凌法律,某些網路欺凌案件屬於騷擾或虐待的相關法規。這意味著特定案件可能會在民事法庭審結,或因屬於《電腦欺詐與濫用法》(Computer Fraud and Abuse Act,CFAA)的罪行而受到刑事指控和起訴。
如果網路欺凌涉及本文前面所述的任何活動,則需要向當地執法部門報告。
哪些州有反網路欺凌法?
美國各州對於同一主題的法律可能會有所不同,網路欺凌法律也不例外。各州對於網路欺凌及其結果都有自己的規定。
因此,各州對網路欺凌的處罰也不盡相同。尤其是,對欺凌者的處罰從停學到將他們送進監獄不等。
您可以 尋找地圖 在美國政府的官方網站 StopBullying.gov 上強調各州的網路欺凌法律。
如果您或您的孩子遭遇網路欺凌,您可以立即向當地執法部門報告。我們建議您諮詢您所在州的法律,以瞭解在您所在的地區,究竟哪些行為會被視為與網路欺凌相關的犯罪。
如何防止我的孩子受到網路欺凌?
許多孩子為了避免反應過激,會向父母隱瞞他們的線上行為。這意味著您可能很長一段時間都不知道您的孩子受到欺凌(或者是欺凌者)。但是,如果您知道您的孩子在網路上做什麼,您就可以識別網路欺凌。
要瞭解孩子數位環境中的情況,其中一個行之有效的方法就是在手機上安裝家長監控應用程式。有了監控工具,例如 Eyezy,家長就可以隨時瞭解孩子在社交媒體應用程式上與誰溝通。
如果您懷疑您的孩子受到網路欺凌,您可以使用 Eyezy 以獲得虐待的證據,並用來對付犯罪者。但更重要的是,家長控制應用程式可以透過限制孩子存取手機或平板電腦上的有毒網站和應用程式,幫助您防止孩子受到欺凌。
How Does Legislation Protect Social Media Users from Cyberbullying?
Legislation plays a crucial role in protecting social media users from the harmful effects of cyberbullying. As online harassment continues to rise, many countries have introduced strict laws to safeguard individuals, especially minors, from digital abuse. Here’s how legal frameworks help combat cyberbullying on social media:
1. Criminalizing Online Harassment and Threats
Many countries have enacted laws that classify cyberbullying as a criminal offense. These laws cover behaviors such as sending threatening messages, spreading false information, and engaging in online harassment. Offenders can face fines, restraining orders, or even imprisonment depending on the severity of their actions.
- Example: In the U.S., laws like the Cyberbullying Prevention Act criminalize online harassment, while the Malicious Communications Act 1988 in the UK targets threatening or abusive messages.
2. Enforcing Platform Accountability
Legislation often requires social media platforms to take responsibility for user safety. Platforms must implement tools for reporting abuse, remove harmful content promptly, and protect user data.
- Example: 的 European Union’s Digital Services Act (DSA) mandates platforms to moderate harmful content and provide transparent reporting mechanisms.
- Example: In Australia, the Online Safety Act 2021 empowers authorities to demand the removal of abusive content within 24 hours.
3. Protection for Minors and Vulnerable Groups
Specific laws focus on protecting minors, who are most vulnerable to online bullying. These laws often require schools and parents to educate children about online safety and mandate strict consequences for youth involved in cyberbullying.
- Example: 的 Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) in the U.S. restricts data collection from children under 13, limiting their exposure to online risks.
4. Anti-Defamation and Privacy Laws
Cyberbullying often involves spreading false or damaging information. Defamation and privacy laws protect victims by allowing them to take legal action against those who harm their reputation or violate their privacy online.
- Example: Countries like Canada have laws against criminal harassment and defamation, offering victims a way to seek justice.
5. Mandatory Reporting and Victim Support
Some laws require social media platforms and institutions to report severe cases of cyberbullying to law enforcement. Additionally, governments fund support services to help victims cope with the emotional impact of online harassment.
- Example: In the U.S., schools are often required to report bullying incidents, including online cases, under state anti-bullying laws.
Legislation continues to evolve to address new forms of cyberbullying. By holding individuals and social media platforms accountable, laws provide vital protection and support for users navigating the digital world.